When couples struggle to conceive, the focus often falls on the woman. However, male infertility accounts for up to 50% of all infertility cases. It’s a common misconception that fertility issues are primarily a female concern—but science and experience say otherwise.
Understanding the causes of male infertility is key to getting an accurate diagnosis and finding the right treatment options. Here’s what every couple should know.
What Is Male Infertility?
Male infertility refers to a man’s inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female partner. This usually relates to problems with the quantity or quality of sperm, but other factors can also be involved, such as hormonal imbalances, blockages, or genetic conditions.
Common Causes of Male Infertility
1. Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia)
A low number of sperm in the semen is one of the leading causes of male infertility. A healthy sperm count increases the likelihood of fertilizing an egg.
2. Poor Sperm Motility
Sperm must be able to swim properly to reach and fertilize an egg. Poor motility reduces the chances of successful conception.
3. Abnormal Sperm Morphology
Sperm with irregular shapes or structures may not be able to penetrate and fertilize the egg effectively.
4. Hormonal Imbalances
Hormones like testosterone, FSH, and LH are vital for sperm production. Imbalances can disrupt the process and reduce fertility.
5. Varicocele
A varicocele is a swelling of the veins inside the scrotum, similar to varicose veins. It can raise testicular temperature and impair sperm production.
6. Obstructions or Blockages
Any blockage in the tubes that carry sperm—such as in the vas deferens or epididymis—can prevent sperm from being ejaculated.
7. Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Unhealthy habits and environmental exposures can impact sperm health:
- Smoking, alcohol, or drug use
- Obesity or lack of exercise
- Excessive stress
- Heat exposure (saunas, hot tubs, tight clothing)
- Exposure to toxins, chemicals, or radiation
8. Infections
Certain infections like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), mumps (especially after puberty), or prostate infections can affect sperm production or delivery.
9. Genetic Disorders
Genetic conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome, Y chromosome microdeletions, or cystic fibrosis can impact fertility.
10. Ejaculation Issues
Problems such as retrograde ejaculation (when semen enters the bladder instead of exiting through the penis) can prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
When Should You See a Doctor?
If you’ve been trying to conceive for over a year (or six months if the female partner is over 35), it’s time for both partners to undergo fertility evaluations. Male fertility testing usually includes:
- A semen analysis
- Hormone level testing
- Scrotal ultrasound
- Genetic screening (if necessary)
Final Thoughts
Infertility is not just a woman’s issue—it’s a shared responsibility. Addressing male fertility concerns early can lead to faster answers and more effective treatments. The good news? Many causes of male infertility are treatable with medication, lifestyle changes, or assisted reproductive techniques like IVF or ICSI.