Infertility affects both men and women almost equally, and male infertility is a contributing factor in about 40–50% of cases. Understanding the root causes is the first step toward successful treatment and improved reproductive health.
Here are the main causes of male infertility, explained in simple terms:
1. Sperm Disorders
The most common cause of male infertility involves issues with the quantity or quality of sperm. These disorders include:
- Low sperm count (oligospermia)
- No sperm in the semen (azoospermia)
- Poor motility (sperm that don’t swim properly)
- Abnormal shape (morphology)
These factors can reduce the chances of the sperm reaching and fertilizing an egg.
2. Varicoceles
A varicocele is an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, similar to varicose veins in the legs. This can raise the temperature around the testicles and affect sperm production and quality. Varicoceles are found in about 40% of infertile men and are often treatable with minor surgery.
3. Retrograde Ejaculation
In this condition, semen flows backward into the bladder instead of exiting through the penis during ejaculation. It can be caused by:
- Surgery
- Diabetes
- Certain medications
- Nerve damage
Although the sperm are still produced, they don’t reach the outside, preventing natural conception.
4. Immunologic Infertility
Sometimes, a man’s immune system mistakenly attacks his own sperm. This can cause the body to produce antibodies that damage or block sperm, making it difficult for them to reach and fertilize an egg.
This type of infertility can be caused by infection, injury, or previous surgery.
5. Obstruction
Blockages in the male reproductive tract can prevent sperm from mixing with semen or being ejaculated. Common causes include:
- Congenital defects
- Injury or trauma
- Past infections (like STIs)
- Vasectomy (can be reversed in some cases)
Surgical procedures or sperm retrieval techniques can often help in these cases.
6. Hormonal Imbalances
Hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and testicles regulate sperm production. Low levels of testosterone or other key hormones can affect the development of healthy sperm. Hormonal imbalances may be caused by:
- Genetic disorders
- Tumors
- Lifestyle factors (obesity, stress, drug use)
These are often treatable with medication or hormone therapy.
Final Thoughts
Male infertility is more common than you might think, but the good news is that many of its causes are treatable. If you’ve been trying to conceive for a year without success (or 6 months if over age 35), it’s time to seek a professional evaluation.
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