Primary ovarian failure, also known as premature ovarian failure (POF) or primary ovarian insufficiency, is a condition marked by the loss of normal ovarian function before the age of 40. Multiple factors can contribute to this early decline in ovarian activity, and understanding these causes is key to providing effective care and support.
Here are the main causes of primary ovarian failure:
- Genetic Causes
Turner syndrome, a chromosomal disorder characterized by the partial or complete absence of one X chromosome, is a well-known genetic cause of primary ovarian failure. Other genetic mutations may also contribute. - Environmental Causes
Medical treatments such as chemotherapy and pelvic radiotherapy, as well as pelvic surgeries, can damage ovarian tissue, leading to early ovarian failure. These interventions may be necessary for treating cancer or other serious conditions but carry a risk for fertility impairment. - Idiopathic and Autoimmune Causes
In many cases, the cause remains unknown (idiopathic). Additionally, autoimmune reactions where the immune system attacks ovarian tissue can cause inflammation and follicle loss, leading to ovarian failure.
Conclusion
Primary ovarian failure arises from diverse causes including genetic abnormalities like Turner syndrome, environmental factors such as medical treatments, and autoimmune or idiopathic origins. Identifying the underlying cause helps guide management and support for women affected by this challenging condition.