When a couple faces difficulty conceiving, evaluating male fertility is equally important. A series of tests help diagnose potential causes of male infertility and guide appropriate treatment.
Semen Analysis
This is the most common and essential fertility test for men. It evaluates:
- Sperm Count: The number of sperm in the semen, with less than 15 million sperm per milliliter considered low.
- Motility: The ability of sperm to move efficiently; poor motility can impair fertilization.
- Morphology: The shape and structure of sperm; abnormal shapes reduce fertility potential.
- Volume: Total semen quantity to ensure adequate sperm delivery.
- pH and Liquefaction: Acidity and how semen liquefies post-ejaculation, affecting sperm function.
Preparation involves abstaining from ejaculation for 2-5 days and avoiding alcohol or drugs before the test. Samples are typically collected at a clinic to ensure accuracy.
General Physical Examination
A comprehensive exam checks for physical factors such as varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum), testicular size and consistency, and signs of hormonal imbalances or health conditions affecting fertility.
Hormone Testing
Blood tests measure hormone levels essential for sperm production, including testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin. Abnormal levels may indicate endocrine disorders impacting fertility.
Testicular Biopsy
In select cases, especially with azoospermia (no sperm in semen), a small tissue sample from the testes is examined to assess sperm production and determine eligibility for sperm retrieval techniques.
Conclusion
A thorough evaluation with these male fertility tests helps identify causes of infertility and informs personalized treatment plans. Early diagnosis increases the chance of successful conception, whether naturally or via assisted reproductive technologies.