Female infertility can be caused by a variety of physical, hormonal, and anatomical factors. Identifying the root cause is essential for choosing the most effective treatment.
Here’s a look at the common methods used to diagnose female infertility:
1. Pelvic Exam
A pelvic exam is often the first step. It helps the doctor check for any visible abnormalities in the reproductive organs, such as infections, fibroids, or ovarian cysts. This basic physical exam lays the foundation for further investigations.
2. Blood Tests
Blood tests are crucial in assessing hormone levels that affect ovulation and menstruation. These typically include:
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Estradiol (estrogen)
- Thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4)
- Prolactin
Abnormal levels can indicate ovulation problems or other endocrine disorders that affect fertility.
3. Transvaginal Ultrasound
This is an internal scan where a small probe is inserted into the vagina to get a clear view of the uterus, ovaries, and follicles. It helps identify:
- Uterine abnormalities (fibroids, polyps)
- Ovarian cysts or PCOS
- Follicle development and ovulation tracking
4. Hysteroscopy
In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube (hysteroscope) is inserted through the cervix into the uterus. It allows direct visualization of the uterine lining. Doctors use hysteroscopy to detect:
- Uterine polyps
- Fibroids
- Scar tissue (Asherman’s syndrome)
- Congenital abnormalities
5. Saline Sonohysterogram (SIS)
SIS is a specialized ultrasound where sterile saline is injected into the uterus. This expands the uterine cavity, helping doctors see the inside of the uterus more clearly. It is useful for evaluating:
- Uterine lining
- Polyps
- Fibroids
- Septum or adhesions
6. Laparoscopy
Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure performed under anesthesia. A small camera is inserted through a tiny incision near the belly button. It provides a direct view of the pelvic organs and helps diagnose:
- Endometriosis
- Pelvic adhesions (scar tissue)
- Blocked fallopian tubes
- Ovarian cysts
Conclusion
Diagnosing female infertility involves a combination of tests to evaluate hormonal balance, reproductive anatomy, and ovulation. Early diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan can greatly improve the chances of conception. If you’ve been trying to conceive for over a year (or 6 months if you’re over 35), consult a fertility specialist to start the diagnostic process.