Miscarriage is a deeply emotional experience, and while many cases occur due to random genetic factors, there are several medical and biological reasons that can contribute to pregnancy loss. Understanding these causes can help in better prevention, early diagnosis, and care.
1. Infection
Certain infections — such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and bacterial infections — can interfere with fetal development. These infections may damage the placenta or directly affect the growing fetus, leading to miscarriage.
2. Hormonal Irregularities
Hormones play a crucial role in sustaining pregnancy. Conditions like luteal phase defect, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or uncontrolled diabetes can cause hormonal imbalances. These irregularities may prevent the uterus from supporting the pregnancy, resulting in early miscarriage.
3. Maternal Age
The risk of miscarriage increases significantly with maternal age. Women over 35 face higher chances of chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus, while women over 40 face even greater risks. Advancing age also impacts egg quality, contributing to early pregnancy loss.
4. Uterine Abnormalities
Structural issues in the uterus — such as fibroids, septum, scarring (Asherman’s syndrome), or congenital malformations — can prevent proper implantation or restrict fetal growth, ultimately leading to miscarriage.
5. Incompetent Cervix
An incompetent cervix (or cervical insufficiency) means the cervix begins to open too early during pregnancy, usually in the second trimester. Without proper medical intervention, this can result in preterm miscarriage or early delivery.
6. Thyroid Disease
Both hypothyroidism (low thyroid function) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can interfere with a healthy pregnancy. Untreated thyroid conditions disrupt hormone balance and may increase the risk of miscarriage if not properly managed.
Conclusion
Miscarriage can result from multiple causes, often beyond one’s control. Identifying and treating underlying conditions — such as infections, thyroid issues, or uterine abnormalities — can improve the chances of a healthy pregnancy. With medical support and care, many women go on to have successful pregnancies after a miscarriage.