An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants itself outside the womb (uterus)—most commonly in the fallopian tubes—a condition that accounts for about 95% of ectopic cases. In rare cases, it may also occur in the ovary, abdominal cavity, or cervix. Since these locations cannot support a growing embryo, the pregnancy cannot continue normally, and if untreated, it can lead to life-threatening complications.
Symptoms and Early Signs
Early signs of ectopic pregnancy may resemble a normal pregnancy, such as missed periods, nausea, and breast tenderness. However, as the embryo grows in an improper location, symptoms become more evident and may include:
- Sharp or stabbing abdominal or pelvic pain, often localized to one side.
- Light to heavy vaginal bleeding different from normal periods.
- Shoulder pain, which indicates internal bleeding irritating the diaphragm.
- Weakness, dizziness, or fainting caused by internal bleeding.
If you experience these symptoms, seek emergency medical care immediately.
Why is Ectopic Pregnancy Dangerous?
The fallopian tube or other sites where implantation occurs are not designed to hold a growing embryo. As the embryo grows, it can cause rupture and severe internal bleeding, posing a serious threat to the mother’s life. Immediate medical or surgical treatment is crucial to manage this condition.
Diagnosis
Doctors typically diagnose ectopic pregnancy through a combination of:
- Transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) to visualize the location of the pregnancy.
- Serial blood tests measuring beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels.
- Physical examination and assessment of symptoms.
Treatment Options
- Medication: Methotrexate is used to stop the growth of the pregnancy tissue in early, unruptured ectopics.
- Surgery: In cases of rupture, or when medication is not suitable, surgical removal of the ectopic pregnancy is necessary.
- Follow-Up Care: Regular monitoring ensures hCG levels return to zero and helps preserve future fertility.
Conclusion
An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, preventing the embryo from developing into a viable fetus. It can threaten the life of the mother if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Awareness of symptoms and early medical intervention are key to managing this serious condition.