Asthenozoospermia is a medical condition characterized by reduced sperm motility, where a significant percentage of sperm in the ejaculate demonstrate poor or no forward movement.
Progressive motility—the ability of sperm to swim forward efficiently—is crucial for sperm to reach and fertilize the egg, making motility a key factor in male fertility.
Definition
Asthenozoospermia is diagnosed when the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa falls below the lower reference limits established by fertility laboratories and guidelines. This means that many sperm fail to move properly, hindering their ability to navigate through the female reproductive tract.
Causes and Types
Asthenozoospermia can be primary (due to genetic or congenital reasons affecting sperm motility) or secondary (caused by lifestyle factors, infections, medical conditions, or environmental toxins). It is often seen in combination with other sperm abnormalities, like low sperm count (oligoasthenozoospermia).
Impact on Fertility
Reduced sperm motility significantly decreases the chances of natural conception since sperm must swim through cervical mucus, the uterus, and the fallopian tubes to fertilize the egg.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis is made through semen analysis measuring sperm count, motility, and morphology. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and may include lifestyle changes (quitting smoking, reducing alcohol), medical therapy, surgical correction (e.g., varicocele repair), or assisted reproductive technologies like IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
Conclusion
Asthenozoospermia is a common and treatable cause of male infertility characterized by poor sperm motility. Early diagnosis and tailored treatment can improve fertility outcomes and help couples achieve pregnancy successfully.